Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association
Volume 79, Issue 7 , Pages 391-396 , July 2008

Background and history of autism in relation to vision care

  • Joseph N. Trachtman, O.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Joseph N. Trachtman, O.D., Ph.D., Elite Performance and Learning Center, PS, 108 5th Avenue South, Suite C1, Seattle, Washington 98104.

References 

  1. Washington Public Schools autism prevalence report. School years 1992-2003. Fighting Autism, November 2004.
  2. CDC releases new data on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) from multiple communities in the United States. Press Release, February 9, 2007.
  3. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child. 1943;2:217–250
  4. Asperger H. Die “Autistischen Psychopathen” im Kindesalter. Archiv für Psychiatrie and Nervenkrankheiten, Berline. 1944;117:76–136
  5. Bishop DVV. Autism, Asperger's syndrome and semantic-pragmatic disorder: Where are the boundaries?. British Journal of Disorders of Communication. 1989;24:107–121
  6. Rutter M. Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1978;8(2):139–161
  7. Wing L. The definition and prevalence of autism: A review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;2(2):61–74
  8. Wazana A, Bresnahan M, Kline J. The autism epidemic: Fact or artifact?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(6):721–730
  9. Ritvo ER, Cantwell D, Johnson E, et al. Social class factors in autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia. 1971;1(3):297–310
  10. Freeman BJ, Frankel F, Ritvo ER. The effects of response contingent vestibular on the behavior of autistic and retarded children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia. 1976;6(4):353–358
  11. Tanguay PE, Ornitz EM, Forsythe AB, et al. Rapid eye movement (REM) activity in normal and autistic children during REM sleep. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia. 1976;6(3):275–288
  12. Frankel F, Freeman BJ, Ritvo E, et al. Effects of frequency of photic stimulation upon autistic and retarded children. Am J Ment Deficiency. 1976;81(1):32–40
  13. Ritvo ER, Ritvo EC, Brothers AM. Genetic and immunohematologic factors in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1982;2(2):109–114
  14. Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Mason-Brothers A, et al. Concordance for the syndrome of autism in 40 pairs of afflicted twins. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(1):74–77
  15. Stubbs EG, Budden SS, Jackson RH, et al. Effects of fenfluramine on eight outpatients with the syndrome of autism. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986;28(2):229–235
  16. Yuwiler A, Shih JC, Chen CH, et al. Hyperserotoninemia and antiserotonin antibodies in autism and other disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1992;22(1):33–45
  17. Ritvo A. Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: Initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC Autopsy Research Report. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(7):862–866
  18. Garber MJ, Ritvo ER. Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior fossa in autistic adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;150(2):356–357
  19. Realmuto G, Purple R, Knobloch W, et al. Electroretinograms (ERG's) in four autistic probands and six first-degree relatives. Can J Psychiatry. 1989;34(5):435–439
  20. Mason-Brothers A, Ritvo ER, Pingree C, et al. The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: Prenatal, parental, and postnatal factors. Pediatrics. 1990;86(4):514–519
  21. Yazbak FE. Autism in the United States: A perspective. Journal of the American Physicians and Surgeons. 2003;8(4):103–107
  22. Holmes AS, Blaxill MF, Haley BE. Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Int J Toxicol. 2003;22(4):277–285
  23. Rimland B. Association between thimersol-containing vaccine and autism. JAMA. 2004;291(2):180–181
  24. Mutter J, Naumann J, Schneider R, et al. Mercury and autism: Accelerating evidence?. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005;26(5):439–446
  25. Adams JB, Romdalvik J, Ramanujam VM, et al. Mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism versus controls. Journal of the Toxicology Environmental Health Association. 2007;70(12):1046–1051
  26. Geier DA, Geier MR. A prospective study of thimersal-containing Rho(D)-immune globulin administration as a risk factor for autistic children. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20(5):385–390
  27. The autism increase: Research needed on the vaccine connection. Testimony of Bernard Rimland, Ph.D. before House Committee on Government Reform, April 6, 2000.
  28. Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H. Mumps, measles and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: A time trend analysis. Br Med J. 2001;322:460–463
  29. Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, et al. Thimersal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: A critical review of published original data. Pediatrics. 2005;114(3):793–804
  30. CDC fact sheet on measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. July 5, 2007.
  31. Guttman SE, Gilroy LA, Blake R. Hearing what the eyes see: auditory encoding of visual temporal sequences. Psychological Science. 2005;16(3):228–235
  32. Book of Exodus;20:15.
  33. Cytowic RE. Synesthesia: Phenomenology and neuropsychology: A review of current knowledge. Psyche. 1995;2(10):1–17
  34. Cytowic RE. The man who tasted shapes: A bizarre medical mystery offers revolutionary insights into reasoning, emotion and consciousness. New York: Putnam; 1993;
  35. ABC News. The extraordinary abilities of an autistic savant. June 11, 2005.
  36. Luria AR. The mind of a mnemonist: a little book about a vast memory ((Solotaroff, L, trans.)). Boston: Harvard University Press; 2006;
  37. Treffert DA, Christensen DD. Inside the mind of a savant. Sci Am. 2005;293(6):108–113
  38. Asperger H. Zur Differentialdiagnose des kindlichen Autismus. Acta Paedopsychiatrica. 1968;35:136–145
  39. White PT, DeMyer W, DeMyer M. EEG abnormalities in early childhood schizophrenia: A double-blind study of psychiatrically disturbed and normal children during promazine sedation. Am J Psychiatry. 1964;120:950–958
  40. Garrett B. Brain and behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2003;
  41. Cantor DS, Thatcher RW, Hrybyk M, et al. Computerized EEG analyses of autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1986;16(2):169–187
  42. Armington JC, Johnson EP, Riggs LA. The scotopic A-wave in the electrical response of the human retina. J Physiol. 1952;118:289–298
  43. Ritvo ER, Creel D, Realmuto G, et al. Electroretinograms in autism: A pilot study of b-wave amplitudes. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(2):229–232
  44. Creel DJ, Crandall AS, Pingree C, et al. Abnormal electroretinograms in autism. Clin Vis Sci. 1989;4(1):85–88
  45. Belmonte M. Abnormal attention in autism shown by steady-state visual evoked potentials. Autism. 2000;4(3):269–285
  46. Townsend J, Westerfield M, Leaver E, et al. Event-related brain response abnormalities in autism: Evidence for impaired cerebello-frontal spatial attention networks. Cognitive Brain Research. 2001;11:127–145
  47. Ornitz EM. Childhood autism: A review of the clinical and experimental literature. California Medicine. 1973;118:21–47
  48. Sabbagh MA, Taylor M. Neural correlates of theory-of-mind reasoning: An event-related potential study. Psychol Sci. 2000;11(1):46–50
  49. Novick B, Vaughan HG, Kurtzberg D, et al. An electrophysiologic indication of auditory processing defects in autism. Psychiatry Res. 1980;3(1):107–114
  50. Niwa S, Ohta M, Yamazaki K. P300 and stimulus evaluation process in autistic subjects. J Autism Dev Disord. 1983;13(1):33–42
  51. Savitz RA, Valadian I. Vision testing of infants in a child health clinic and at home. Am J Public Health. 1969;58(1):95–100
  52. Scharre JM, Creedon MP. Assessment of visual function in autistic children. Optom Vis Sci. 1992;68(6):433–439
  53. Mestre D, Castet E, Rondan C, et al. Evaluation de la vision du movement au moyen du nystagmus optocinetique. Travaux interdisciplinaires du Laboratorie Parole et Langage. 2002;21:1928
  54. Rosenhall U, Johansson E, Gillberg C. Oculomotor findings in autistic children. J Laryngol Otol. 1988;102:435–439
  55. Miller MT, Strömland K, Gillberg C, et al. The puzzle of autism: An ophthalmologic contribution. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998;96:369–387
  56. Freedman AM, Ebin EV, Wilson EA. Autistic schizophrenic children: An experiment in the use of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1962;6:35–45
  57. Simmons JQ, Leiken SJ, Lovaas OI, et al. Modification of autistic behavior with LSD-25. Am J Psychiatry. 1966;122:1201–1211
  58. Stavrakaki C, Antochi R, Emery PC. Olanzapine in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders: A case series analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29(1):57–60
  59. Faretra G, Dooher L, Dowling J. Comparison of haloperidol and fluphenazine in disturbed children. Am J Psychiatry. 1970;126:1670–1673
  60. Ferster CB, DeMyer MK. A method for the experimental analysis of behavior of autistic children. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1962;32(1):89–98
  61. Bijou SW, Baer DM. Child development: Reading in experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1967;
  62. Skinner BF. The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co; 1938;
  63. Wolf MM, Risley TR, Mees HL. Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child. Behav Res Ther. 1964;1:305–312
  64. Van Houton R, Axelrod S, Baily JS, et al. The right to effective behavioral treatment. J Appl Behav Anal. 1988;21(4):381–384

PII: S1529-1839(08)00016-X

doi: 10.1016/j.optm.2007.10.015

Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association
Volume 79, Issue 7 , Pages 391-396 , July 2008